The County of Lancashire (9)
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The Lancashire Dialect
There are those who regard dialect as
simply 'bad pronunciation', the language of uneducated country
yokels or of people who couldn't speak 'properly'. Nothing could
be further from the truth. Dialects have often, regrettably, been
associated with people who were illiterate - the assumption was
that if you could read and write then you could use standard English
'properly'. Yet, dialects still show the richness and variety
of English regional history. They identify the user as belonging
to the place and as part of the culture.
You have to be born in a region to have
its dialect. Even so, mass media (newspapers, radio, film and
then television) have tended to narrow the range and produce a
more standardised 'flatness' to the language, or to promote an
Americanised form. Certainly, improved education and general literacy
has tended to detract from oral traditions. This may explain why
Lancashire produced a good number of dialect poets and writers
in the 19th century - men like William
Harrison Ainsworth, Samuel
Bamford, Samuel Laycock
and Ben Brierley all wrote
in the Lancashire dialect at about the same time that books and
news periodicals were being mass produced.
Lancashire is very rich in dialects.
There are many variations of it - areas of Cumbria and the Lake
District still use a dialect that is audibly 'Lancashire'.
Manchester may now no longer be in the county of Lancashire, but
its dialects are, to the rest of the world at least, plainly 'Lancashire'.
Bolton, Oldham
and Wigan have decidely individual
and unique versions of Lancashire dialects.
Old performers like George
Formby spoke a distinct Wigan dialect and Gracie
Fields was plainly from Rochdale
by her speech - yet they are all variations on the same dialect.
Dialects conventially seem to take three forms:
- Regional Pronunciation
They may take the form of a local or regional pronunciation
variation of a proper existing word;
- Newly Invented
Words
They may be a completely new, original and localised word
or phrase invented in or used within the region;
- New Usage of Existing Words
An existing standard or proper word may be used in a different
or alternative way or with a different meaning to that generally
accepted in standard 'Queen's English'.
Bearing in mind these definitions, what
follows is a sample of dialect words and phrases that may be found
throughout the county, despite the gradual decline in their usage.
There are, of course, far too many to include here, so these are
merely a small sample.
We are indebted to Dr Alan Crosby's
book "The Lancashire Dictionary" (ISBN 1 85825 122 2)
for the following extracts:
- ah'm afeart =
I'm afraid.
- bally ann
= a meal put together from whatever was available, as in "It's
a bally ann meal today".
- b'art or beawt
= without. The former is also in common usage in Yorkshire,
as in the song " Ilkley Moor b'art 'at".
- bellin'
= to cry out or make a great deal of noise (presumably a contracted
form of 'bellyaching').
- bidding
= an invitation to a funeral.
- blather, blether or blether-yed
= someone with nothing between the ears. A head full of air.
Hence, to blether meant to say a great deal about nothing.
- bobber
and bobbing
= a man who woke up workers before clocks were common possessions;
a so-called 'knocker up'; sometimes the man who also woke up
those who fell asleep during church sermons. Bobbers often carried
long poles, with which to tap roundly on bedroom windows or
lightly on the head of a sleeper in chapel.
- boggart
= a ghost or spirit (as in Boggart Hole Clough in Manchester)
- broo , brow
or brew
= a slight hill, bank or slope.
- brew
= also can mean a cup of tea as in "...dust want brew?"
(Do you want a cup of tea?).
- champion
= grand, excellent, first class, superlative.
- chitty
= young girl or lass.
- chunner
= to mutter.
- claggy
= sticky as in dough that is too wet. Sultry or humid weather
can also be described as claggy.
- clough
= steep sided valley or tributary to another valley.
- cow slavver
= cow dung. "Slavver" also means to slobber or dribble.
- cratchy
= irritable, bad tempered.
- delph
= quarry or excavation.(As in the district of Delph in Oldham).
- dip
= sauce or syrup - sometimes fat from the frying pan after cooking.
- eawl-leet
= twilight or dusk (from 'owl light').
- faggot
= derogatory term for a woman, as in "th'owd faggot"
(the old woman).
- fair
= entirely or completely, as in "Ah'm fair worn out".
- fettle
= to repair or mend. Sometimes used to indicate a good state
of repair or excellent condition as in "It were in fine
fettle".
- fleck
and flecky
= a flea, flea-bitten.
- gill
= a specific old Imperial unit of liquid measure, but locally
it could mean any small measure of drink, as in "Wil't
'ave a gill wi' me?" (Will you have a drink with me?).
- hippins
= baby's nappies or diapers.
- jessy
= a cissy, or a mollycoddle, hence "Yer big jessy!"
- keck-handed
or cack-handed
= left-handed or sometimes ham-fisted.
- keks
= trousers.
- likely
= handsome or comely, as in "a likely lad".
- lurry
= lorry or waggon, often written as well as spoken.
- mash
= weaving term for bad work or a messy job.
- mawkin
= dirty, slovenly or shabby.
- motty
= a small sum of money.
- mun =
must do, as in 'Yer mun do it" (You must do it). The negative
form is munna , as in "Yer munna do it" (You mustn't
do it).
- nesh
= feeble, weak or soft as in "Eeh lass, th'art nesh",
surviving from a commonly used Old English word.
- nobbut
= no more than, nothing but, as in "Th'art nobbut a slip
of a lass" (You are no more than a little girl).
- nowt
= nought or nothing.
- nowty =
naughty, bad-tempered, irritable.
- owt
= aught or anything.
- perish
= freeze.
- petty
= outdoor toilet.
- piss-a-bed
= dandelion, supposedly caused children to wet the bed, sometimes
expressed more genteely as pee-a-bed .
- pop his clogs
= to die.
- pop shop
= pawnbroker, as in the folk song "Pop goes the Weazel"
- put wood i' th' oil
= close the door (literally "put the wood in the hole").
- reasty
or resty
= rancid, rotten, putrid - usually of food.
- seg
= a callous or a corn, usually hard skin on the hand.
- sen =
self, as in "tha-sen" (thyself or yourself) and "mi-sen"
(myself).
- sennit
= a week (seven nights), also "fortnit" for a fortnight
(two weeks).
- sithee
= see you, or, I'll be seeing you.
- skrike
= to cry out, to weep or shriek.
- starved
= frozen with cold.
- strap
= credit, hence "on the strap" (bought on credit).
- tater 'ash
= potato hash, a local dish of corned beef and mashed potato
- still a local delicacy.
- tosspot
= drunk or rowdy - a word now used commonly throughout England
though originating in Lancashire.
- wark
= ache, as in "belly-wark" (stomache ache), also as
in "tooth-wark" (toothache).
- welly
= well nigh, almost, nearly.
- woven mi' piece
= reached the end, come to the end of life (I am ready to die).
- yammer
= to yearn, lament or long for.
See also:
-
"A Grammar
of the Dialect of the Bolton Area. Part I".
By Graham Shorrocks
Introduction, Phonology. Bamberger Beiträge zur Englischen
Sprachwissenschaft (University of Bamberg Studies in English
Linguistics) 41. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, New York,
Paris, Vienna: Peter Lang, Europäischer Verlag der
Wissenschaften, 1998. ISSN 0721–281X; ISBN 3–631–33066–9;
US-ISBN 0–8204–3565–1.
- "A Grammar of the Dialect of
the Bolton Area. Part II".
Graham Shorrocks.
Morphology and Syntax. Bamberger Beiträge zur Englischen
Sprachwissenschaft (University of Bamberg Studies in English
Linguistics) 42. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, New York,
Paris, Vienna: Peter Lang, Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften,
1999. ISSN 0721–281X; ISBN 3–631–34661–1;
US-ISBN 0–8204–4323–9
See Also:
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