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The County of Cheshire
Cheshire History
A
Victorian Definition
Bartholemew's
Gazetteer of the British Isles, (1887) described Cheshire thus:
"Cheshire,
a palatine and maritime county of England, bounded on the northwest.
by the Irish Sea, and bordering on the counties of Lancaster, York,
Derby, Stafford, Salop, Denbigh, and Flint; extreme length, northeast
and southwest, 58 miles; extreme breadth, 40 miles; average breadth
18 miles; area, 657,123 acres; population 644,037.
Cheshire forms, towards the Irish Sea, a flat peninsula, the Wirrall
(12 miles by 7 miles), between the estuaries of the Mersey and the Dee,
and inland a vast plain separating the mountains of Wales from those
of Derbyshire. This plain is diversified with fine woods of oak, etc,
and is studded with numerous small lakes or meres. A low ridge of sandstone
hills runs north from Congleton, near the east border, and another extends
from the neighbourhood of Malpas to Frodsham, near the estuary of the
Mersey.
The chief rivers are the Mersey with its affluent the Bollin, the Weaver,
and the Dee. The soil consists of marl, mixed with clay and sand, and
is generally fertile. There are numerous excellent dairy farms, on which
the celebrated Cheshire cheese is made; also extensive market gardens,
the produce of which is sent to Liverpool, Manchester, and the neighbouring
towns.
Salt has been long worked; it is obtained from rock salt and saline
springs; the principal works are at Nantwich, Northwich, and Winsford.
Coal and ironstone are worked in the districts of Macclesfield and Stockport.
There are manufacturers of cotton, silk, and ribbons, carried on chiefly
in the towns of the East division; and shipbuilding, on the Mersey.
Cheshire contains 7 hundreds and 503 parishes, and is entirely within
the Diocese of Chester. "
Roman
Cheshire
The
resident Celtic tribe of the Cornovii, who occupied ancient the
lands that were to become the County of Cheshire, were one of several
native British tribes who succumbed and acceded to Roman occupation.
In AD 60, the Roman fort of Deva (Chester) was established, most
probably to protect access to lead and silver that was found in Flintshire
over the border in neighbouring Wales. Deva was the largest Roman fortified
settlement in Britain.
Map of Cheshire in Roman Times, showing major roadways
and fortified settlements. Copyright © 2003 John Moss
Following
various battles against the Brigantes (based in Lancashire)
the full scale occupation of Cheshire began around AD 71. Chester thus
became the most important of the defences against native incursions,
and developed into a major military and commercial centre. The settlements
at Condate (Northwich) and Salinae (Middlewich), which
was the second largest town in the country after Chester, also grew
in importance as their salt mines were highly valued by the Roman occupation
forces, many of whom received their pay in salt.
The network of roadways that gradually developed were in no small part
the result of so-called "salt roads" over which this valuable
commodity was transported. By AD 80, Cheshire as pacified and increasingly
Romanised. Other industries included smelting of lead at Runcorn and
potteries at Wilderspool, though the county retained most of its rural
character and native Britons tended more towards agriculture than industry.
Mercian
Saxon Cheshire
After
Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, increasing numbers
of invasions took place from Scandinavia - the much feared Norse men,
or Danes. Yet, they too in turn grew peaceful and wholesale woodland
clearances continued as they settled and farmed new lands in the area.
By the mid-7th century, Christianity had become widespread, and early
churches were erected, one of the oldest at Eccleston, near Chester
("eccles" was actually an old Celtic-Welsh word for
a church).
In
some ways, Cheshire marked a frontier between the Danes in the north
and east and the Welsh to the west, and at least two defensive ditches
were dug to keep them out - the celebrated Offa's Dyke, built by King
Offa of Mercia between 760-780 AD, and the earlier but less well known
Wat's Dyke, built some time before 655 AD, which remained the recognised
border until the Norman conquest.
Mercian
place names are evident throughout the county, recognised by the suffix
'ham' (from the Saxon word 'hamm' meaning a settlement),
and 'burgh' or 'bury' (indicating a fortified settlement
or stronghold). Old Cheshire townships like Frodsham, Eastham, Weaverham,
Wrenbury and Prestbury all reveal Mercian Saxon origins.
Mercian Cheshire
showing defensive forts. Copyright © 2003 John Moss
Scandinavian
Cheshire
Apart from Welsh incursions, from the 8th century onwards the region
also suffered continuous intermittent attacks from Scandinavians - known
variously as the Norsemen, Vikings and Danes. These invasions, from
already occupied Ireland, took place over two centuries until the beginning
of the 10th century. Parts of west Cheshire were known to have been
controlled by the Norse King Ceowolf. It was not until the reign of
Alfred the Great, King of Wessex (and later of Mercia) that Scandinavian
incursions were eventually controlled, or else peaceful accommodations
were made as in the Wirral where the invaders were granted a settlement
in exchange for a peace treaty. As a result, the Wirral abounds in Danish
place names - as in Thingwall, from 'thing' - meaning 'a meeting
place'.
With
western Cheshire now largely pacified, the remaining threat now came
from the east - from the Danish kingdom based at York. Fortifications
were therefore concentrated along the line of the River Mersey - itself
a northern border between the Mercian kingdom (Mersey - the boundary
river of the Mercians'), and Northumbria. In 914 AD a defensive stronghold
was built at Eddisbury and at Runcorn fortifications were strengthened.
All along the length of the River Mersey, as far as Manchester, fortified
defensive settlements were created, including Rhuddlan, Thelwall, Bakewell
and Penwortham and the old hill fort at Eddisbury was strengthened and
brought back into service as a primary defence of Chester.
By
930 AD relative peace had been established throughout the kingdom, and
apart from infrequent small raids and a particularly savage and effective
incursion in 980 AD, the Norse threat had been removed and Mercia was
a well defended fortified entity, and remained so until Norman occupation.
By
980 AD the name of the region had begun to resemble its modern name,
and was known as Legecaestrescir, meaning the 'shire of the city
of the legions', (a reference to the old Roman occupation), and had
probably already become a recognised county since 920 AD under the reign
of Edward the Elder. During his reign, parts of old Derbyshire were
also added to the Mercian kingdom in the form of Longendale and Macclesfield.
By
the end of the 10th century, Chester had become the permanent headquarters
of Eadric Streona, the King's Governor of Cheshire, Staffordshire and
Shropshire and was increasingly ruled as an autonomous region. By 1030
AD, it had come under the governorship of Earl Edwin, grandson of Leofric
of Mercia, perhaps the most powerful and influential family in England,
and remained so until the Norman Conquest in 1066 AD.
See
also:
Several
sources were used in the compilation of this web page, but we must make
particular reference to Alan Crosby's book "A History of Cheshire" which
provided the lion's share of our information.
Cheshire
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